Social and Cultural: Women face societal norms where birdwatching and extended travel are not traditionally associated with them.

Familial Dependency: Many African youth remain financially reliant on their parents post-University, with birding often viewed as an unconventional career path for daughters.

Traditional Expectations: Some parents prioritize early marriage for their daughters, hindering their pursuit of birding due to societal pressures.

Socioeconomic Barriers: The costliness of birding, including equipment, transportation, lodging, and entrance fees, poses financial challenges.

Limited Tourist Engagement: Insufficient tourist numbers decrease opportunities for young women to work as guides or research assistants.

Poverty Impact: High poverty levels in communities limit access to travel and explore birding destinations beyond local areas.

Visa Constraints: Difficulty in obtaining visas for international travel creates barriers for participation in birding activities abroad.

Lack of Equipment: Shortage of essential birding gear such as binoculars, telescopes, and cameras restricts participation and research capabilities.